Multi-Pathogen Innovative (5 in 1) Vaccine for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers will Save More Lives.

Mankind has developed strategies to mitigate calamitous pandemics, by using vaccines. Eradication of some diseases was successful through usage of vaccines. Lassa, Yellow, Crimean-Congo, Marburg and Ebola viruses need special attention. Lassa fever, that now has a candidate vaccine, was discovered in 1969 when two missionary nurses died in Nigeria, while Yellow fever has a vaccine from its 17D attenuated strain. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a widespread tick-borne viral disease, and the nucleoprotein and glycoproteins are identified for inclusion in a vaccine. Marburg virus is highly pathogenic with mortality rate of 90%. Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016 necessitated an early introduction of a vaccine. The classical vaccine platforms are commonly used for human vaccines, and next-generation platforms, are being developed. Development of a novel multivalent vaccine against viral haemorrhagic fevers will eliminate the difficulties of single vaccines and may lead to the eradication of these diseases.

L'Humanité a développé des strategies pour atténuer les pandémiescalamiteuses, en utilisant des vaccins. L'éradication de certaines maladies a été réussie grâce à l'utilisation de vaccins. Les virus de Lassa, de la fièvre jaune, de la fièvre de Crimée-Congo, de Marburg et d'Ebola méritent une attention particulière. La fièvre de Lassa, qui dispose aujourd'hui d'un candidat vaccin, a été découverte en 1969 lors du décès de deux infirmières missionnaires au Nigeria, tandis que la fièvre jaune dispose d'un vaccin à partir de sa souche atténuée 17D. La fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo est une maladie virale répandue, transmise par les tiques, et la nucléoprotéine et les glycoprotéines sont identifiées pour être incluses dans un vaccin. Le virus de Marburg est hautement pathogène avec un taux de mortalité de 90 %. L'épidémie de virus Ebola en Afrique de l'Ouest en 2013- 2016 a nécessité l'introduction rapide d'un vaccin. Les plateformes vaccinales classiques sont couramment utilisées pour les vaccins humains, et des plateformes de nouvelle sont en cours de développement. Le développement d'un nouveau vaccin multivalent contre les fièvres hémorragiques virales éliminera les difficultés des vaccins uniques et pourrait conduire à l'éradication de ces maladies. Mots clés: Innovant ; Multi-pathogène ; Développement de vaccins; Fièvres hémorragiques virales.

Interference by malaria in the diagnosis of typhoid using Widal test alone.

A total of 270 febrile patients (130 males and 140 females) aged between 15 and 59 were screened using thick and thin blood film stains for malaria, bacteriologic culture and Widal test for enteric fevers. Sixty (22%) were positive for malaria while 38 (14%) were positive for enteric fevers out of which 16 (26.6%) concomitantly had malaria parasite. Cases without malaria parasite (MP) or enteric fever organism were 172 (63.7%) and classified as pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO). Forty-four were strictly malaria cases out of which 36 (82%) were due to Plasmodium falciparum, and all had antibody Widal titres > or = 160 to 0 antigen while 4 (9%) were due to Plasmodium malariae, 3 (6.8%) were due to P. ovale and 1 (2.3%) was due to P. vivax. Twenty (52.6%) of the 38 patients with enteric fever had typhoid, all had Widal titres > or = 160 to 0 antigen. In all, antibody reaction Widal titres to H antigen were < 20. There was no statistical significant difference [chi2 = 327.2, P > 0.05] between Widal titres of malaria and typhoid cases. Hence using Widal test alone, one cannot differentiate typhoid fever from malaria. In another 250 healthy adults, of equal sex distribution, used as controls 12 (4.8%) had malaria parasite and 4 (1.6%) had enteric fever organisms. While only 4 (1.6%) gave Widal titre of 80 to 0 antigen the rest had antibody titres of < 20 to O antigen. Malaria could interfere with serological diagnosis of typhoid and hence lead to over diagnosis of typhoid in Nigeria.